Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis

  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Therapy
  • Epidemiology

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Elena Stylianou

Senior Researcher,
Oxford University

Dr Elena Stylianou is a post-doctoral research scientist at the Jenner Institute, University of Oxfo…

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Muhwa Chakya

Dr. Muhwa Jeremiah Chakaya, is a Professor, Global Respiratory Health, at the department of clinical sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine & Technical Director.

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Muhwa Chakaya

Chief Research Officer,

Kenya Medical Research Institute

Dr Muhwa Chakaya is Chief Research Officer and Consultant Chest Physician at Kenya Medical Research ..

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Jerrold J Ellner

Professor,

Boston University School of Medicine

Jerrold J. Ellner, MD, has been appointed chief of the section of infectious diseases at Boston ..

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Neil W Schluger

Professor of Medicine,
Columbia University

Neil W. Schluger, M.D. is the Chief of the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medi..

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Muhwa Chakaya

Symptoms Lecture >>

Philippe Glaziou

Epidemiology Lecture >>

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Philippe Glaziou

Senior Epidemiologist,
World Health Organization

Dr Philippe Glaziou is Senior Epidemiologist at the World Health Organization. He leads the epid..

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Roughly one-third of the world’s population has been infected with M. tuberculosis, and new infections occur at a rate of one per second. However, not all infections with M. tuberculosis cause tuberculosis disease and many infections are asymptomatic. In 2007 there were an estimated 13.7 million chronic active cases, and in 2010 there were 8.8 million new cases, and 1.45 million deaths, mostly in developing countries. 0.35 million of these deaths occur in those co-infected with HIV.

Tuberculosis is the second most common cause of death from infectious disease (after HIV). The absolute number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005 and new cases since 2002. China has achieved particularly dramatic progress, with an 80 percent decline in its TB mortality rate. The distribution of tuberculosis is not uniform across the globe; about 80% of the population in many Asian and African countries test positive in tuberculin tests, while only 5–10% of the U.S. population test positive.

In 2007, the country with the highest estimated incidence rate of TB was Swaziland, with 1200 cases per 100,000 people. India had the largest total incidence, with an estimated 2.0 million new cases. In developed countries, tuberculosis is less common and is mainly an urban disease. In the United Kingdom, the national average was 15 per 100,000 in 2007, and the highest incidence rates in Western Europe were 30 per 100,000 in Portugal and Spain. These rates compared with 98 per 100,000 in China and 48 per 100,000 in Brazil. In the United States, the overall tuberculosis case rate was 4 per 100,000 persons in 2007. In Canada, tuberculosis is still endemic in some rural areas.

The incidence of TB varies with age. In Africa, TB primarily affects adolescents and young adults. However, in countries where TB has gone from high to low incidence, such as the United States, TB is mainly a disease of older people, or of the immunocompromised.

Tuberculosis incidence is seasonal, with peaks occurring every spring/summer.The reasons for this are unclear, but may be related to vitamin D deficiency during the winter.

In Europe, deaths from TB fell from 500 out of 100,000 in 1850 to 50 out of 100,000 by 1950. Improvements in public health were reducing tuberculosis even before the arrival of antibiotics, although the disease remained a significant threat to public health, such that when the Medical Research Council was formed in Britain in 1913 its initial focus was tuberculosis research. (From Wikipedia, April 2014)

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Mario Raviglione

Director,
World Health Organization

Dr Mario C. Raviglione has been Director of the Global TB Programme at the World Health Organiza.

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Helen McShane

Professor,
Oxford University

Helen McShane is Professor of Vaccinology at Oxford University, Nuffield Department of Medicine. She..

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Christopher Gilpin

Senior scientist,
World Health Organization

Dr Christopher Gilpin is Scientist in the TB Diagnostics and Laboratory Strengthening Unit (TBL) of ..

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Malgosia Grzemska

Coordinator Regional Assistance,
World Health Organization

Dr. Malgorzata Grzemska works in the WHO’s Global TB Programme in Geneva. She is responsible for coo..

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LECTURER DETAILS

Neil W Schluger

Professor of Medicine,
Columbia University

Neil W. Schluger, M.D. is the Chief of the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medi..

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Edward A Nardell

Associate Professor,
Harvard University

Dr. Nardell is an associate professor in the Departments of Medicine and of Global Health and So..

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Anthony Harries

Professor,
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine

Anthony David Harries is an honorary professor at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medi..

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Niaz Banaei

Niaz Banaei

Associate Professor,
Stanford University

Niaz Banaei received his medical education from Stanford University and completed residency training..

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Ajay Kumar

Deputy Director (Research),
The Union (IUATLD)

Dr Ajay Kumar currently works as the Deputy Director (Center for Operational Research) of the In..

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